Incidence of antiretroviral drug-related problems in the treatment of HIV among hospitalized patients in the Hospital Santa Clara, Bogotá / Incidencia de los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos antirretrovirales para el tratamiento de la infección por HIV en pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Santa Clara de Bogotá

Introduction: The antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a therapeutic strategy linked to drug-related problems that cause or can cause the appearance of negative results associated with the medication. It is important, therefore, to identify their incidence, characterize them, and classify them to design strategies to minimize their impact. Objective: To estimate the overall incidence and the incidence of each one of the antiretroviral drugs-related problems in the treatment of the HIV infection in a cohort of hospitalized patients in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive, retrospective cohort study in patients aged 18 years or more diagnosed with HIV infection and under antiretroviral treatment hospitalized between January 1st, 2015, and December 31st, 2016, in the Hospital Santa Clara, Bogotá. Results: The overall incidence of antiretroviral drug-related problems was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.85-0.93). The incidence of drug-drug interactions was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.80-0.90), 0.28 (95% CI: 0.22-0.35) for adverse reactions, and 0.12 (CI 95%: 0.08-0.17) for prescription errors. Conclusion: Drug-related problems should be studied, diagnosed, prevented, and treated. Their knowledge can enable health care professionals to anticipate their emergence, reduce their incidence, implement risk management plans, and optimize adherence to antiretroviral treatment.

Introducción. El tratamiento antirretroviral de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) se ha relacionado con diversos problemas de los medicamentos que causan o pueden causar la aparición de resultados negativos. En este contexto, es importante determinar su incidencia, caracterizarlos y clasificarlos para diseñar estrategias que minimicen su impacto. Objetivo. Estimar la incidencia global y de cada uno de los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos antirretrovirales utilizados en el tratamiento del HIV en una cohorte de pacientes hospitalizados en una institución de tercer nivel de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de cohorte en pacientes de 18 años o más de edad con diagnóstico de infección por el HIV y en tratamiento antirretroviral, hospitalizados entre el 1° enero de 2015 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016 en el Hospital Santa Clara de Bogotá. Resultados. La incidencia global de los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos antirretrovirales fue de 0,90 (IC95% 0,85-0,93). La incidencia de las interacciones medicamentosas fue de 0,85 (IC95% 0,80-0,90), la de las reacciones adversas de 0,28 (IC95% 0,22-0,35) y la del error de prescripción de 0,12 (IC95% 0,08-0,17). Conclusión. Los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos deben estudiarse, diagnosticarse, prevenirse y tratarse para que el personal de salud pueda anticiparse a su aparición, disminuir su incidencia, implementar planes de manejo del riesgo y optimizar el cumplimiento del tratamiento antirretroviral.

Incidencia de los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos antirretrovirales para el tratamiento de la infección por HIV en pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Santa Clara de Bogotá / Incidence of antiretroviral drug-related problems in the treatment of HIV among hospitalized patients in the Hospital Santa Clara, Bogotá

Resumen Introducción. El tratamiento antirretroviral de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) se ha relacionado con diversos problemas de los medicamentos que causan o pueden causar la aparición de resultados negativos. En este contexto, es importante determinar su incidencia, caracterizarlos y clasificarlos para diseñar estrategias que minimicen su impacto. Objetivo. Estimar la incidencia global y de cada uno de los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos antirretrovirales utilizados en el tratamiento del HIV en una cohorte de pacientes hospitalizados en una institución de tercer nivel de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de cohorte en pacientes de 18 años o más de edad con diagnóstico de infección por el HIV y en tratamiento antirretroviral, hospitalizados entre el 1° enero de 2015 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016 en el Hospital Santa Clara de Bogotá. Resultados. La incidencia global de los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos antirretrovirales fue de 0,90 (IC95% 0,85-0,93). La incidencia de las interacciones medicamentosas fue de 0,85 (IC95% 0,80-0,90), la de las reacciones adversas de 0,28 (IC95% 0,22-0,35) y la del error de prescripción de 0,12 (IC95% 0,08-0,17). Conclusión. Los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos deben estudiarse, diagnosticarse, prevenirse y tratarse para que el personal de salud pueda anticiparse a su aparición, disminuir su incidencia, implementar planes de manejo del riesgo y optimizar el cumplimiento del tratamiento antirretroviral.

Abstract Introduction: The antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a therapeutic strategy linked to drug-related problems that cause or can cause the appearance of negative results associated with the medication. It is important, therefore, to identify their incidence, characterize them, and classify them to design strategies to minimize their impact. Objective: To estimate the overall incidence and the incidence of each one of the antiretroviral drugs-related problems in the treatment of the HIV infection in a cohort of hospitalized patients in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive, retrospective cohort study in patients aged 18 years or more diagnosed with HIV infection and under antiretroviral treatment hospitalized between January 1st, 2015, and December 31st, 2016, in the Hospital Santa Clara, Bogotá. Results: The overall incidence of antiretroviral drug-related problems was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.85-0.93). The incidence of drug-drug interactions was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.80-0.90), 0.28 (95% CI: 0.22-0.35) for adverse reactions, and 0.12 (CI 95%: 0.08-0.17) for prescription errors. Conclusion: Drug-related problems should be studied, diagnosed, prevented, and treated. Their knowledge can enable health care professionals to anticipate their emergence, reduce their incidence, implement risk management plans, and optimize adherence to antiretroviral treatment.

[Prevalence and risk factors associated to tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in HIV-positive patients in Bogotá].

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is one of the most widely distributed infectious diseases worldwide. It is the most common cause of mortality among AIDS patients. In Colombia, 12,918 tuberculosis cases were notified, and 926 deaths were reported in 2015. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated to mycobacterial infections in HIVpositive patients in two public hospitals from Bogotá. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective and descriptive study was carried out by an active search for tuberculosis cases and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in HIV-positive patients. We considered demographic, social, clinical, and personal habits as variables. Statistical analyses were done using Stata 13™ software. RESULTS: Three hundred and fifty six patients were included, 81.2% were men and 18.8% were women; the mean age was 36.5 years. Tuberculosis infection had a frequency of 19.9% (95% CI: 15.9-24.5%) and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection had a 3.9% frequency (95% CI: 2.16-6.5%). Bivariate analysis showed a statistically significant association between tuberculosis infection and CD4+ T cell counts (p=0.003), viral load (p=0.008), antiretroviral therapy (p=0.014), and body mass index (BMI) <18 kg/m2 (p=0.000). In non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections there was a statistically significantassociation with BMI (p=0.027) and CD4+ T cell counts (p=0.045). CONCLUSION: Factors associated with an impaired immune system caused by HIV infection are an important risk factor for developing tuberculosis. The lack of antiretroviral therapy and the BMI were also important risk factors for tuberculosis.

Factores asociados al abandono de terapia antirretroviral de alta efectividad en pacientes con VIH SIDA en un hospital de tercer nivel / Factors associated with the abandonment of highly effective antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV in a third-level hospital

Resumen Introducción: la baja adherencia en el tratamiento antirretroviral de alta efectividad TARGA se asocia a peores desenlaces en salud; además de las comorbilidades infecciosas, muchos pacientes con VIH/SIDA presentan asociado psicopatologia, farmacodependencia y problemas socioeconómicos. Existe alta frecuencia de abandono a la terapia en nuestro medio. Objetivo: identificar las variables asociadas al abandono de terapia TARGA en pacientes con VIH de un hospital de tercer nivel en Colombia. Métodos y resultados estudio descriptivo corte transversal: se incluyeron 51 pacientes pertenecientes al programa durante un año; 12 pacientes (23%) tuvieron adherencia al tratamiento, 32 (62%) tenían antecedente de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y 33 (64%) tenían asociada alguna patología psiquiátrica. Los factores que se asociaron a la no adherencia fueron la psicopatología y la pobre red de apoyo. Conclusión: En la población a estudio se documenta alta tasa de abandono a la terapia TARGA, probablemente asociado a enfermedad mental y pobre red social. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 31-36).

Abstract Introduction: the low adherence in the highly effective antiretroviral treatment HAART is associated with worse health outcomes. In addition to infectious comorbidities, many patients with HIV / AIDS have associated psychopathology, drug dependence and socioeconomic problems. There is a high frequency of abandonment of therapy in our environment. Objective: to identify the variables associated with the abandonment of HAART therapy in patients with HIV from a third level hospital in Colombia. Methods and Results: descriptive cross-sectional study: 51 patients belonging to the program during one year were included; 12 patients (23%) had adherence to treatment, 32 (62%) had a history of psychoactive substance use and 33 (64%) had some psychiatric pathology. The factors that were associated with non-adherence were psychopathology and the poor support network. Conclusion: high rate of abandonment of HAART therapy is documented in the study population, probably associated with mental illness and poor social network. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 31-36).

Prevalencia y factores asociados a la tuberculosis y las micobacteriosis en pacientes positivos para HIV en Bogotá / Prevalence and risk factors associated to tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in HIV-positive patients in Bogotá

Resumen Introducción. La tuberculosis es una de las enfermedades infecciosas de más amplia distribución en el mundo y constituye una de las primeras causas de muerte en pacientes con sida. En Colombia, en el 2015, se notificaron 12.918 casos de tuberculosis y 926 muertes. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a infecciones micobacterianas en pacientes infectados con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) en dos hospitales públicos de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con búsqueda activa de casos de tuberculosis y micobacteriosis en pacientes positivos para HIV. Se estudiaron variables demográficas, sociales, clínicas y de hábitos personales. Los análisis estadísticos se hicieron con el programa Stata 13TM. Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio 356 pacientes: 81,2 % hombres y 18,8 %, mujeres, con una media de edad de 36,5 años. La frecuencia de la tuberculosis fue de 19,9 % (IC95% 15,9-24,5 %) y la de infecciones por micobacterias no tuberculosas, de 3,9 % (IC95% 2,16-6,5 %). El análisis bivariado evidenció una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la tuberculosis y el conteo de linfocitos TCD4+ (p=0,003), la carga viral (p=0,0008), el tratamiento antirretroviral (p=0,017) y un índice de masa corporal (IMC) menor de 18 kg/m2 (p=0,000). En las micobacteriosis solamente se presentó asociación estadísticamente significativa con el IMC (p=0,017) y con el conteo de linfocitos TCD4+ (p=0,045). Conclusión. Los factores asociados al deterioro del sistema inmunitario causados por el HIV, así como el no administrar el tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad y el IMC, constituyeron factores de riesgo para desarrollar la tuberculosis.

Abstract Introduction. Tuberculosis is one of the most widely distributed infectious diseases worldwide. It is the most common cause of mortality among AIDS patients. In Colombia, 12,918 tuberculosis cases were notified, and 926 deaths were reported in 2015. Objective. To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated to mycobacterial infections in HIV-positive patients in two public hospitals from Bogotá. Materials and methods. A prospective and descriptive study was carried out by an active search for tuberculosis cases and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in HIV-positive patients. We considered demographic, social, clinical, and personal habits as variables. Statistical analyses were done using Stata 13TM software. Results. Three hundred and fifty six patients were included, 81.2% were men and 18.8% were women; the mean age was 36.5 years. Tuberculosis infection had a frequency of 19.9% (95% CI: 15.9-24.5%) and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection had a 3.9% frequency (95% CI: 2.16-6.5%). Bivariate analysis showed a statistically significant association between tuberculosis infection and CD4+ T cell counts (p=0.003), viral load (p=0.008), antiretroviral therapy (p=0.014), and body mass index (BMI) <18 kg/m2 (p=0.000). In non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections there was a statistically significant association with BMI (p=0.027) and CD4+ T cell counts (p=0.045). Conclusion. Factors associated with an impaired immune system caused by HIV infection are an important risk factor for developing tuberculosis. The lack of antiretroviral therapy and the BMI were also important risk factors for tuberculosis.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria disease as a cause of hospitalization in HIV-infected subjects.

OBJECTIVES: The present study characterized and determined the prevalence of mycobacterial diseases (tuberculosis (TB) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)) as a cause of hospitalization among HIV-infected subjects consecutively admitted to a large metropolitan hospital during 2001/2002. METHODS: Hospital discharge diagnoses were established for 521 HIV-positive patients. RESULTS: Respiratory disease accounted for 49% of the admissions. Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) was the main cause of respiratory disease (52%) followed by Pneumocystis carinii (PCP, 24%), non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM, 11%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB, 9%). Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease was established using bacteriological, clinical and radiographic criteria. NTM disease was defined following the American Thoracic Society criteria. NTM was disseminated in the majority of cases (19 Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), one Mycobacterium kansasii). Nine patients had respiratory disease (seven MAC, one Mycobacterium fortuitum, one Mycobacterium kansasii) and one had gastrointestinal disease caused by MAC. Mortality was 10% for NTM disseminated cases; none of the TB patients died over the course of the study. The length of hospitalization for NTM patients was longer (15+/-13 days) than for other respiratory cases (10+/-10, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: NTM disease along with its related mortality is a significant pathology as a cause of hospitalization among HIV-infected individuals.